3D Spectroscopic Observations of Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxies

We give an introduction into the observational technique of integral field or 3D spectroscopy. We discuss advantages and drawbacks of this type of observations and highlight a few science projects enabled by this method. In the second part we describe our 3D spectroscopic survey of Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies. We show preliminary results from data taken with the VIMOS integral field unit and give an outlook on how automated spectral analysis and forthcoming instruments can provide a new view on star formation and associated processes in dwarf galaxies.Comment: To appear in the proceedings of the JENAM 2010 Symposium "Dwarf Galaxies: Keys to Galaxy Formation and Evolution" (Lisbon, 9-10 September 2010), P. Papaderos, S. Recchi, G. Hensler (eds.), Springer Verlag (2011), in pres

Performance of soybean seedlings upon nutrient application by seed coating

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different seed coatings consisting of various combinations of three nutrients (calcium, magnesium and silicon) on two soybean cultivars (BRS 243 RR and CD 233 RR). Dolomitic limestone and aluminum silicate were chosen as the nutrient sources. Leaf area, plant height, shoots dry matter, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were the studied variables, evincing that the seed coating that comprised calcium, magnesium and silicon led to better performance in terms of growth rates 30 days after emergence. Significant differences in the response to the seed coatings were also observed between the two studied soybean genotypes

Peripheral Sensitization Increases Opioid Receptor Expression And Activation By Crotalphine In Rats

Inflammation enhances the peripheral analgesic efficacy of opioid drugs, but the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. Crotalphine (CRP), a peptide that was first isolated from South American rattlesnake C.d. terrificus venom, induces a potent and long-lasting anti-nociceptive effect that is mediated by the activation of peripheral opioid receptors. Because the high efficacy of CRP is only observed in the presence of inflammation, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the CRP anti-nociceptive effect induced by inflammation. Using real-time RT-PCR, western blot analysis and ELISA assays, we demonstrate that the intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases the mRNA and protein levels of the μ- and κ-opioid receptors in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and paw tissue of rats within 3 h of the injection. Using conformation state-sensitive antibodies that recognize activated opioid receptors, we show that PGE 2, alone does not increase the activation of these opioid receptors but that in the presence of PGE2, the activation of specific opioid receptors by CRP and selective μ- and κ-opioid receptor agonists (positive controls) increases. Furthermore, PGE2 down-regulated the expression and activation of the δ-opioid receptor. CRP increased the level of activated mitogen-activated protein kinases in cultured DRG neurons, and this increase was dependent on the activation of protein kinase Cζ. This CRP effect was much more prominent when the cells were pretreated with PGE 2. These results indicate that the expression and activation of peripheral opioid receptors by opioid-like drugs can be up- or down-regulated in the presence of an acute injury and that acute tissue injury enhances the efficacy of peripheral opioids. © 2014 Zambelli et al.93Stein, C., Peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia (1993) Anesth Analg, 76, pp. 182-191Obara, I., Parkitna, J.R., Korostynski, M., Makuch, W., Kaminska, D., Local peripheral opioid effects and expression of opioid genes in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia in neuropathic and inflammatory pain (2009) Pain, 141, pp. 283-291Puehler, W., Zollner, C., Brack, A., Shaqura, M.A., Krause, H., Schafer, M., Stein, C., Rapid upregulation of mu opioid receptor mRNA in dorsal root ganglia in response to peripheral inflammation depends on neuronal conduction (2004) Neuroscience, 129 (2), pp. 473-479. , DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.086, PII S030645220400627XMaekawa, K., Minami, M., Masuda, T., Satoh, M., Expression of mu- and kappa-, but not delta-, opioid receptor mRNAs is enhanced in the spinal dorsal horn of the arthritic rats (1996) Pain, 64 (2), pp. 365-371. , DOI 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00132-8Cahill, C.M., Morinville, A., Hoffert, C., O'Donnell, D., Beaudet, A., Up-regulation and trafficking of delta opioid receptor in a model of chronic inflammation: Implications for pain control (2003) Pain, 101 (1-2), pp. 199-208. , DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00333-0Hassan, A.H.S., Ableitner, A., Stein, C., Herz, A., Inflammation of the rat paw enhances axonal transport of opioid receptors in the sciatic nerve and increases their density in the inflamed tissue (1993) Neuroscience, 55 (1), pp. 185-195. , DOI 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90465-RZollner, C., Shaqura, M.A., Bopaiah, C.P., Mousa, S., Stein, C., Schafer, M., Painful inflammation-induced increase in mu-opioid receptor binding and G-protein coupling in primary afferent neurons (2003) Molecular Pharmacology, 64 (2), pp. 202-210. , DOI 10.1124/mol.64.2.202Shaqura, M.A., Zollner, C., Mousa, S.A., Stein, C., Schafer, M., Characterization of mu Opioid Receptor Binding and G Protein Coupling in Rat Hypothalamus, Spinal Cord, and Primary Afferent Neurons during Inflammatory Pain (2004) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 308 (2), pp. 712-718. , DOI 10.1124/jpet.103.057257Antonijevic, I., Mousa, S.A., Schafer, M., Stein, C., Perineurial defect and peripheral opioid analgesia in inflammation (1995) J Neurosci, 15, pp. 165-172Mousa, S.A., Zhang, Q., Sitte, N., Ji, R.-R., Stein, C., beta-endorphin-containing memory-cells and mu-opioid receptors undergo transport to peripheral inflamed tissue (2001) Journal of Neuroimmunology, 115 (1-2), pp. 71-78. , DOI 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00271-5, PII S0165572801002715Konno, K., Picolo, G., Gutierrez, V.P., Brigatte, P., Zambelli, V.O., Crotalphine, a novel potent analgesic peptide from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus (2008) 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Waltner-Law, M.E., Entingh, A.J., Chytil, A., Aakre, M.E., Norgaard, P., Moses, H.L., Salicylate-induced growth arrest is associated with inhibition of p70s6k and down-regulation of c-Myc, cyclin D1, cyclin A, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (2000) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275 (49), pp. 38261-38267. , DOI 10.1074/jbc.M005545200Belcheva, M.M., Clark, A.L., Haas, P.D., Serna, J.S., Hahn, J.W., Kiss, A., Coscia, C.J., Mu and kappa opioid receptors activate ERK/MAPK via different protein kinase C isoforms and secondary messengers in astrocytes (2005) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280 (30), pp. 27662-27669. , DOI 10.1074/jbc.M502593200Connor, M., Christie, M.J., Opioid receptor signalling mechanisms (1999) Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 26 (7), pp. 493-499. , DOI 10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03049.xZimmermann, M., Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals (1983) Pain, 16, pp. 109-110Picolo, G., Giorgi, R., Bernardi, 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S0306452207012365Lomas, L.M., Barrett, A.C., Terner, J.M., Lysle, D.T., Picker, M.J., Sex differences in the potency of kappa opioids and mixed-action opioids administered systemically and at the site of inflammation against capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia in rats (2007) Psychopharmacology, 191 (2), pp. 273-285. , DOI 10.1007/s00213-006-0663-1Ji, Y., Murphy, A.Z., Traub, R.J., Estrogen modulation of morphine analgesia of visceral pain in female rats is supraspinally and peripherally mediated (2007) J Pain, 8, pp. 494-502. , JPicolo, G., Cury, Y., Peripheral neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity mediates the antinociceptive effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, a delta- and kappa-opioid receptor agonist (2004) Life Sciences, 75 (5), pp. 559-573. , DOI 10.1016/S0024-3205(04)00292-9, PII S0024320504002929Randall, L.O., Selitto, J.J., A method for measurement of analgesia activity on inflamed tissue (1957) Arch Inst Pharmacodyn, 111, pp. 209-219Bradford, M.M., A rapid and 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capsaicin-sensitive vagal pulmonary sensory neurones (2005) Journal of Physiology, 564 (2), pp. 437-450. , DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.078725Southall, M.D., Vasko, M.R., Prostaglandin receptor subtypes, EP3C and EP4, mediate the prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP production and sensitization of sensory neurons (2001) J Biol Chem, 276, pp. 16083-16091Ferreira, S.H., Lorenzetti, B.B., Prostaglandin hyperalgesia, IV: A metabolic process (1981) Prostaglandins, 21, pp. 789-792Stein, C., Millan, M.J., Shippenberg, T.S., Peter, K., Herz, A., Peripheral opioid receptors mediating antinociception in inflammation. Evidence for involvement of mu, delta and kappa receptors (1989) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 248 (3), pp. 1269-1275Mousa, S.A., Machelska, H., Schafer, M., Stein, C., Immunohistochemical localization of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in immune cells and spinal cord in a model of inflammatory pain (2002) Journal of Neuroimmunology, 126 (1-2), pp. 5-15. , DOI 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00049-8, PII S0165572802000498Furst, S., Riba, P., Friedmann, T., Timar, J., Al-Khrasani, M., Obara, I., Makuch, W., Schmidhammer, H., Peripheral versus central antinociceptive actions of 6-amino acid-substituted derivatives of 14-O-methyloxymorphone in acute and inflammatory pain in the rat (2005) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 312 (2), pp. 609-618. , DOI 10.1124/jpet.104.075176Nunez, S., Lee, J.-S., Zhang, Y., Bai, G., Ro, J.Y., Role of peripheral mu-opioid receptors in inflammatory orofacial muscle pain (2007) Neuroscience, 146 (3), pp. 1346-1354. , DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.024, PII S030645220700173XSchafer, M., Imai, Y., Uhl, G.R., Stein, C., Inflammation enhances peripheral mu-opioid receptor-mediated analgesia, but not mu-opioid receptor transcription in dorsal root ganglia (1995) Eur J Pharmacol, 279, pp. 165-169Zhou, L., Zhang, Q., Stein, C., Schafer, M., Contribution of opioid receptors on primary afferent versus sympathetic neurons to peripheral opioid analgesia (1998) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 286 (2), pp. 1000-1006Lecat, S., Bucher, B., Mely, Y., Galzi, J.-L., Mutations in the extracellular amino-terminal domain of the NK2 neurokinin receptor abolish cAMP signaling but preserve intracellular calcium responses (2002) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 (44), pp. 42034-42048. , DOI 10.1074/jbc.M203606200Decaillot, F.M., Befort, K., Filliol, D., Yue, S.Y., Walker, P., Kieffer, B.L., Opioid receptor random mutagenesis reveals a mechanism for G protein-coupled receptor activation (2003) Nature Structural Biology, 10 (8), pp. 629-636. , DOI 10.1038/nsb950Selley, D.E., Breivogel, C.S., Childers, S.R., Modification of G protein-coupled functions by low-pH pretreatment of membranes from NG108-15 cells: Increase in opioid agonist efficacy by decreased inactivation of G proteins (1993) Molecular Pharmacology, 44 (4), pp. 731-741Belcheva, M.M., Vogel, Z., Ignatova, E., Avidor-Reiss, T., Zippel, R., Levy, R., Young, E.C., Coscia, C.J., Opioid modulation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase activity is ras-dependent and involves G(betagamma) subunits (1998) Journal of Neurochemistry, 70 (2), pp. 635-645Bohn, L.M., Belcheva, M.M., Coscia, C.J., Mitogenic signaling via endogenous kappa-opioid receptors in C6 glioma cells: Evidence for the involvement of protein kinase C and the mitogen- activated protein kinase signaling cascade (2000) Journal of Neurochemistry, 74 (2), pp. 564-573. , DOI 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740564.xBruchas, M.R., Macey, T.A., Lowe, J.D., Chavkin, C., Kappa opioid receptor activation of p38 MAPK is GRK3- and arrestin-dependent in neurons and astrocytes (2006) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281 (26), pp. 18081-18089. , http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/281/26/18081, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M513640200Sweatt, J.D., Mitogen-activated protein kinases in synaptic plasticity and memory (2004) Curr Opin Neurobiol, 14, pp. 311-317Thomas, G.M., Huganir, R.L., MAPK cascade signalling and synaptic plasticity (2004) Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5 (3), pp. 173-183Carlezon Jr., W.A., Duman, R.S., Nestler, E.J., The many faces of CREB (2005) Trends in Neurosciences, 28 (8), pp. 436-445. , DOI 10.1016/j.tins.2005.06.005, PII S016622360500158XBruchas, M.R., Xu, M., Chavkin, C., Repeated swim stress induces kappa opioid-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (2008) Neuroreport, 19, pp. 1417-1422Kreibich, A.S., Blendy, J.A., cAMP response element-binding protein is required for stress but not cocaine-induced reinstatement (2004) Journal of Neuroscience, 24 (30), pp. 6686-6692. , DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1706-04.2004Bruchas, M.R., Yang, T., Schreiber, S., DeFino, M., Kwan, S.C., Li, S., Chavkin, C., Long-acting kappa opioid antagonists disrupt receptor signaling and produce noncompetitive effects by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (2007) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282 (41), pp. 29803-29811. , http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/282/41/29803, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M705540200Melief, E.J., Miyatake, M., Bruchas, M.R., Chavkin, C., Ligand-directed c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation disrupts opioid receptor signaling (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, pp. 11608-11613Velazquez, K.T., Mohammad, H., Sweitzer, S.M., Protein kinase C in pain: Involvement of multiple isoforms (2007) Pharmacological Research, 55 (6), pp. 578-589. , DOI 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.04.006, PII S104366180700084

Modulation of peritoneal macrophage activity by the saturation state of the fatty acid moiety of phosphatidylcholine

To determine the effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine (PC) on macrophage activity, peritoneal lavage cells were cultured in the presence of phosphatidylcholine rich in saturated or unsaturated fatty acids (sat PC and unsat PC, respectively), both used at concentrations of 32 and 64 µM. The treatment of peritoneal macrophages with 64 µM unsat PC increased the production of hydrogen peroxide by 48.3% compared to control (148.3 ± 16.3 vs 100.0 ± 1.8%, N = 15), and both doses of unsat PC increased adhesion capacity by nearly 50%. Moreover, 64 µM unsat PC decreased neutral red uptake by lysosomes by 32.5% compared to the untreated group (67.5 ± 6.8 vs 100.0 ± 5.5%, N = 15), while both 32 and 64 µM unsat PC decreased the production of lipopolysaccharide-elicited nitric oxide by 30.4% (13.5 ± 2.6 vs 19.4 ± 2.5 µM) and 46.4% (10.4 ± 3.1 vs 19.4 ± 2.5 µM), respectively. Unsat PC did not affect anion production in non-stimulated cells or phagocytosis of unopsonized zymosan particles. A different result pattern was obtained for macrophages treated with sat PC. Phorbol 12-miristate 13-acetate-elicited superoxide production and neutral red uptake were decreased by nearly 25% by 32 and 64 µM sat PC, respectively. Sat PC did not affect nitric oxide or hydrogen peroxide production, adhesion capacity or zymosan phagocytosis. Thus, PC modifies macrophage activity, but this effect depends on cell activation state, fatty acid saturation and esterification to PC molecule and PC concentration. Taken together, these results indicate that the fatty acid moiety of PC modulates macrophage activity and, consequently, is likely to affect immune system regulation in vivo.Fundação Araucári

Pathogenesis of hypertension in a mouse model for human CLCN2 related hyperaldosteronism

Human primary aldosteronism (PA) can be caused by mutations in several ion channel genes but mouse models replicating this condition are lacking. We now show that almost all known PA-associated CLCN2 mutations markedly increase ClC-2 chloride currents and generate knock-in mice expressing a constitutively open ClC-2 Cl(−) channel as mouse model for PA. The Clcn2(op) allele strongly increases the chloride conductance of zona glomerulosa cells, provoking a strong depolarization and increasing cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration. Clcn2(op) mice display typical features of human PA, including high serum aldosterone in the presence of low renin activity, marked hypertension and hypokalemia. These symptoms are more pronounced in homozygous Clcn2(op/op) than in heterozygous Clcn2+/op mice. This difference is attributed to the unexpected finding that only ~50 % of Clcn2(+/op) zona glomerulosa cells are depolarized. By reproducing essential features of human PA, Clcn2(op) mice are a valuable model to study the pathological mechanisms underlying this disease

Stellar populations of classical and pseudo-bulges for a sample of isolated spiral galaxies

In this paper we present the stellar population synthesis results for a sample of 75 bulges in isolated spiral Sb-Sc galaxies, using the spectroscopic data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the STARLIGHT code. We find that both pseudo-bulges and classical bulges in our sample are predominantly composed of old stellar populations, with mean mass-weighted stellar age around 10 Gyr. While the stellar population of pseudo-bulges is, in general, younger than that of classical bulges, the difference is not significant, which indicates that it is hard to distinguish pseudo-bulges from classical bulges, at least for these isolated galaxies, only based on their stellar populations. Pseudo-bulges have star formation activities with relatively longer timescale than classical bulges, indicating that secular evolution is more important in this kind of systems. Our results also show that pseudo-bulges have a lower stellar velocity dispersion than their classical counterparts, which suggests that classical bulges are more dispersion-supported than pseudo-bulges.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

Análise não linear de chapas através de uma formulação do método dos elementos de contorno com convergência quadrática

No presente trabalho foi desenvolvida a formulação não-linear do método dos elementos de contorno para a análise estrutural de chapas escrita em termos de deslocamentos e forças nas direções normal e tangencial ao contorno da sua superfície. A equação integral do deslocamento é deduzida a partir do Teorema de Reciprocidade de Betti, considerando-se espessura constante na chapa. Para calcular a integral de domínio envolvendo o campo de esforços iniciais (ou inelásticos) deve-se discretizar o domínio em células. A solução não linear se obtém por uma formulação implícita, na qual as correções das deformações são feitas através do operador tangente consistente que se atualiza a cada nova iteração, tendo como referência os valores das variáveis internas referentes ao incremento convergido, o que leva a uma convergência quadrática do processo iterativo. Utilizou-se como critério de ruptura o de von Misses e exemplos foram analisados a fim de mostrar a convergência quadrática no processo iterativo e também a convergência dos resultados numéricos a medida que se refinava a discretização do contorno em elementos e do domínio em células

Indicadores De Desempenho Motor Como Preditores De Fragilidade Em Idosos Cadastrados Em Uma Unidade De Saúde Da Família

This study aimed to identify the motor performance tests more strongly associated with frailty and respective cut-off points and verify the best motor performance indicator as screening tool to discriminate frailty in elderly registered in Family Health Unit Participated in the study 139 elderly aged ≥60 years 105 women and 34 men The frailty was identified by the criteria of Fried et al (2001) The motor performance tests realized were: Handgrip strength (HS) sit-to-stand test walk test (WT) and pick up a pen test Logistic regression analysis was used to associate the motor performance tests and frailty The cutoff points were evaluated by parameters provided by Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) with significance level of 5% Data were analyzed using SPSS 210 and MedCalc The mean age was 7232 ± 84 The walk test was positively associated with frailty (OR 130; p <001) and handgrip strength in elderly women was inversely associated with frailty on feminine sex (OR 074; p <0001) The WT presented a cutoff 5s (sensitivity 889 and specificity 745%) and the handgrip in the women obtained a cutoff point 146 kgf (sensitivity 833 and specificity 790%) It was concluded that the walk test was the best screening indicator to discriminate the frailty in elderly both sexes registered in a Family Health Unit. © Edições Desafio Singular.122889